All [Woman and] Men Are Created Equal essays

All [Woman and] Men Are Created Equal essays It is disturbing to see that in society today I see as many unjust women as men. Most women have declared that women and men should have equal rights and I, as a woman, have to agree. However, many women today are abusing their rights for their benefit. What happened to equal rights? We may have equality in rights but we are not created equal, yet in some situations, e.g., in the workplace, many women lash out their anger and blame men. We are put on earth to do different things. We are built differently and we think differently. Naturally, women and men will have disagreements now and then. However, women must recognize that misusing their rights to take revenge for what men did in the past will not solve anything. Many women still believe that most men today view women as inferior, but when the fight for equality becomes distorted, women can be as sexist, prejudice and biased as men. Many men have subtly degraded women for many years. Its either that many women do not notice it or choose to look the other way. In the essay, Invisible Women, Yun Yung Choi explains how one man, Confucius, changed the lives of women for the worse in Korea. Choi states, Throughout the first half of Koryo period, which lasted from 918 to 1392, and throughout the Yi dynasty, women were important and contributing members of their society and not marginal and dependent as they later became. Women were, in large extent, in command of their own lives. She also states, With the introduction of Confucianism, however, the rights and privileges that women enjoyed were confiscated (187). In her essay, Choi quotes from Confucian proverbs such as Men are honored, but women are abased and A daughter is a robber women who carries household wealth away when she marries (187). Still today, many men have the same thoughts that Confucius had. I have worked with battered and ab...

The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars The WritePass Journal

The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars Introduction The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction Genocide in Rwanda, 1994 Throughout the period of the twentieth century it is believed that more people died during genocides than in wars (Helen Fein 1993:81), despite this staggering claim, the genocides have received noticeably less attention than the recent wars of the twentieth century. There exist many varied definitions of genocide, to state one; â€Å"a form of one-sided mass killing in which the state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are identified by the perpetrator† (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 1990) This very similar to the UN definition also used by such agencies as Medecins Sans frontiers (Destexhe 1995), the definition included in the 1948 convention states (Article 2): ‘In the Present convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Killing members of the group; B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imposing measures intending to prevent births within the group; E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.’ Furthermore as Article 1 reiterates ‘genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which [the Contracting Parties to the Convention] undertake to prevent and punish’. The UN definition of genocide highlights in Article 2 the difference between direct and indirect killings, the latter being techniques such as birth control however they both share the same aim; biological destruction of the group. In addition the UN definition for political reasons excludes mass killing, this definition continues to be up for debate for example Helen Fein (London sage: 1993) views genocide as; â€Å"sustained purposeful action by a perpetrator to physically destroy a collectivity, directly or indirectly, through interdiction of the biological and social reproduction of group members, sustained regardless of the surrender or lack of threat offered by the victim†. An exact definition of genocide had direct repercussions when investigating and treating the individuals or groups responsible, it is possible that the potentially guilty party who controlled the genocide may contest the accusation of genocide, stating the actions taken took place in self defence or even under conditions of civil war.   They may also believe that those held responsible should be tried under war crimes and not under the crime of genocide, which is described as a crime against humanity under international law (Republic of Rwanda 1995:31). Throughout this case study I intend to provide a detailed insight into the horrific Rwandan genocide during 1994. Jean Kambanda created history on 1 May, 1998 becoming the first person to ever plead guilty to the crime of genocide at an international court hearing.   Kambanda, the prime minister of the Rwandan government, not only planned but instigated the mass attacks and in turn killings in 1994.   With the logistics of the genocide overseen by Kambanda, local authorities had enough people in place to initiate the killings; those who were not willing to cooperate with the orders were simply murdered. Furthermore he commissioned an ambience of anger and paranoia, initiated violence and as a result eventually oversaw mass murder. Kambanda as a result was convicted on all six counts and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Kambanda’s politics during his spell in government can be described as irrational and extreme; an underlying theme to his work was exclusion of Tutsis, believing them to be evil. In order to fully comprehend the reasons behind the genocide in Rwanda, it’s important to understand the history behind it. The origins of Rwanda’s genocide can be traced back a hundred years previous, when in 1894 the King of Rwanda welcomed Gustav Adolf von Gotzen, a German count, to his court. Ten years previously at the Berlin conference Rwanda was gifted to Germany as Africa was divided amongst the European superpowers. Belgium took control of Rwanda in 1916, until 1962 when independence was gained.   The Belgians favoured the Tutsi minority (Between 8 and 14 percent of the population at the time of the genocide) granting them preferential status. The ethnic relations between the Tutsis and the Hutus (At least 85% of the population in 1999) were respectable, furthermore they were not believed to be distinct races or tribes, thus Hutu and Tutsis conflict didn’t occur often. Furthermore any tension that existed between the two ‘tribes’ was increased further and highlighted by the Belgian colonial policy.   Gerard Prunier (1997:5) believes that â€Å"Each group had an average dominant somatic type, even if not every one of its individual members conformed to it.† With the Hutu being generally a small, stocky somatic type, â€Å"a standard Bantu physical aspect†, in comparison the Tutsi were generally tall and thin. However on the flip side Gà ¼nter (1955:672-7) believes ‘there were gross exaggerations of the physical characteristics between Hutu and the taller Tutsi, with the aristocratic minority invariably being compared with the majority of farmers and servants.’ Furthermore the colonisers implemented an identity card system in 1933, this categorised every Rwandan as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa (The latter being an aboriginal group that before the genocide in 1990 accounted for 1 percent of the population). The identity cards in question were retained during the post independence era, this providing information to the architects of the genocide, as they located their Tutsi victims and Hutu opponents. The Tutsi, who were deemed better educated and more prosperous, headed the campaign for independence after World War II. As a result the Belgians changed allegiance, now backing the Hutus. The change in allegiance let vengeful Hutu components murdered approximately 15,000 Tutsis over a three year period between 1959 and 1962, as Prunier (1997:63) states ‘ Violence in Rwanda forced many Tutsi into exile between 1959 and 1964, then again during 1972-3, amounting to approximately 600000-700000 people’. The Tutsi fled notably to Uganda and Burundi, where they formed a guerrilla organisation known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), with the aim of overturning the new regime.   This aim came to fruition in 1990, when the RPF invaded and occupied the north east of Rwanda. In August 1993 Habyarimana finally accepted an internationally-mediated peace treaty, providing the RPF with a share of political power and a military presence in Kigali. As a result the UN deployed 5,000 peacekeepers to oversee issues, referred to as UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda). However there is a school of thought that believes the Rwandan government, despite to treaty, didn’t accept the peace agreement. In addition some government’ officials and high ranked military officers had at that point designed personal ways to combat the Tutsi ‘issue’ as early as 1992. Habyarimana’s controversial decision to make peace with the RPF won others over to their side, including opposition leaders. Many believed themselves to be patriots when involved in the genocide. The above situation was referred to as the ‘Hutu power’ movement, this movement included moderate Hutu’s who opposed the genocide, which organised and supervised the genocide of April-July 1994. Additionally not only a strong sense of secrecy but a false sense of security combined to disarm the majority who were murdered during the genocide, Friedlander (1997: 60-1) described the situation pre genocide as an ‘illusion of normality’.   It is thought that a great deal of the Tutsi contingent based in Rwanda failed to anticipate the imminent genocide of 1994, despite mounting evidence that something was being planned, including periodic killings of innocent and unarmed Tutsi’s.   Covert actions were an important dimension of the Rwandan regime’s close political control, and were especially effective in a highly stratified society, where power differentials had long been taken for granted (Maquet 1961). Some high profile politicians and public figures had consistently voiced an opinion that the Tutsi ‘had it coming to them’, however references to a potential future genocide were few and far between. Firm statements of intent were rare, furthermore the rumours that indicated a potential planned genocide in fact served further to disarm the Tutsi contingent of Rwanda, by appearing to ’cry wolf’.   Had the Tutsi believed the genocide to be possible a greater number would have fled the country before April 1994 (Chretien 1995: Reyntjens 1994).   According to Clapham (1998:209), ‘groups who sought a genocidal solution’ used the period of the Arusha negotiations to prepare for the genocide, and had no intention of agreeing with the terms of any settlement. Ambiguity was deliberately cultivated during preparation for the genocide, and even during its implementation. April 6th 1994, the day that is widely thought to have triggered the holocaust in Rwanda. Presidents Habyarimana was assassinated when his plane was shot down from the sky by a surface to air missile as the plane approached Kigali airport. Although responsibility for the assassination has never been resolved, many believe that the Hutu extremists had opted to remove their president, who had previously allowed the Tutsi back into government, and initiate a ‘solution’ to the Tutsi ‘problem’. This is thought due to the speed with which the genocide was effectively launched. Within 24 hours of the president’s plane being shot down, roadblocks sprang up around the Kigali. The interahamwe ( â€Å"those who help one another†) militia controlled these roadblocks. In addition to this the Tutsi were segregated and hacked to death with machetes at roadside, however because of the perceived physical differences between the two ‘racial’ groups many taller Hutus were also killed. Furthermore death squads were established and given targets, both Tutsi and moderate Hutu, including the prime minister Agate Uwilingiyimana. The genocide quickly expanded from the capital city to more rural areas. The official sanction to kill originated from government state, but the killings were also conducted by normal people and quickly established militia’s, the astounding issue here is why were the population of Rwanda so determined to kill. Prunier (1997:140-1) proposed the ideal of the manipulation of certain group identities; â€Å"In a world where illiteracy is still the rule, where most of the population has horizons which are limited to their parochial world, where ideologies are bizarre foreign gadgets reserved for intellectuals, solidarity is best understood in terms of close community. In turn, these positive (or negative) group feelings are manipulated by the elite in their struggles for controlling the scarce and even shrinking financial, cultural and political resources.† However the reason could lie in the culture of Rwanda, a culture that embodies obedience to authority. The incursions and attacks of the PRF prior to the genocide made the Hutu’s perceive every Tutsi as a threat even more so. It is estimated that in just two weeks after the start of the genocide, approximately a quarter of a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been murdered.   Alongside the mass murder of Soviet prisoners of war during World War II, it is thought to be the most concentrated act of genocide ever; â€Å" The dead of Rwanda accumulated at nearly three times the rate of Jewish dead during the Holocaust.† (Gourevitch 1998:3), however Prunier (1997:261)believes the killings happened at an ever faster rate; â€Å" The daily killing rate was at least five times that of the Nazi death camps.† On a slightly more specific note, the gender aspects of the brutal killings is one of the least investigated factors of the Rwandan genocide. Judy El-Bushra states: â€Å"During the war of 1994, and particularly as a result of the genocide massacres which precipitated it, it was principally the men of the targeted populations who lost their lives or fled to other countries in fear. This targeting of men for slaughter was not confined to adults: boys were similarly decimated, raising the possibility that the demographic imbalance will continue for generations. Large numbers of women also lost their lives; however, mutilation and rape were the principal strategies used against women, and these did not necessarily result in death.† (El-Bushra, 200:73). This trend can be seen throughout the early 1990’s when Tutsi males were murdered as they were presumed to be part of the RPF organisation. ‘Throughout the genocide orders to kill were passed down from the top, and the majority who refused to kill were often killed’ (Gourevitch 1997:44-51), an example of this can be seen when the prefect of Butare refused to order Hutu to murder the Tutsis, he was killed and replaced by militia’s from the north (Prunier 1995:261; Article 19 1996:57). As a result all social ties were abolished,   leaving a situation where ‘pupils were killed by their teachers, shop owners by their customers, neighbour killed neighbour and husband killed wives in order to save them from a more terrible death’ ( Destexhe 1995:31). The Hutu used physical features as a guide during the genocide, such as a ‘long nose, long fingers or height (were) considered a sufficient basis for a sentence of death’   (African rights 1996:45), however as Clapham (1998:197) states ‘the blurred vision between the two ‘ethnic groups’ could not be taken as a re liable identity indicator’. On the topic Prunier (1995: 198,142) states that ‘Chopping up men was â€Å"bush clearing† and slaughtering women and children was â€Å"pulling out the roots of the bad weeds†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. As mentioned above the Tutsis and moderate Hutu males were almost exclusively targeted prior the genocide and in fact in its early stages, however there exist strong evidence that between April and June 1994 the gendering of the genocide altered, with more women and children being murdered in the later stages. Alison Des Forges in a 1999 report on the genocide wrote; â€Å"In the past Rwandans had not usually killed women in conflicts and at the beginning of the genocide assailants often spared them. When militia had wanted to kill women during an attack in Kigali in late April, for example, Renzaho [a principal leader of the genocide] had intervened to stop it. Killers in Gikongoro told a woman that she was safe because Sex has no ethnic group. The number of attacks against women [from mid-May onwards], all at about the same time, indicates that a decision to kill women had been made at the national level and was being implemented in local communities. (See Human Rights Watch, Mid- May Slaughter: Women and Children as Victims, in Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda.) As briefly discussed the Tutsi formed an organisation called the RPF, as soon as the genocide erupted the RPF launched an attack on Kigali.   As a result the government resistance was destroyed; this eventually brought an end to the genocide in many areas of the country.   On July 4 1994, Kigali fell to the RPF and in turn the genocide came to an end on July 18th. It is difficult to establish an accurate death toll for the genocide, a figure of 800,000 is generally accepted, although this remains unclear. This figure provided by the Human Rights Watch and is based upon a 1991 census, thus not taking into account the number of other victims of the genocide.   However Philippe Gaillard estimates that up to one million people were killed, this confirmed by Charles Petrie, the deputy co-ordinator of the UN Rwanda Emergency Office.   Additionally in a preliminary report published by the Rwanda Military of Local Government in December 2001, the figure of just over one million casualties is cited, based on a census in July 2000. The report states that 93.7% of the victims being killed because they were Tutsi; 1% because they had some form of relations with Tutsis; 0.8% because they looked like Tutsis; and 0.8% because they opposed the Hutu movement. Furthermore young people were particularly targeted, as 53.7% of the victims were between 0 and 24 years of age. Furthermore the strategy behind the Rwandan genocide was created and implemented by a small contingent of government officials, led by Bagosora, a Hutu extremist.   Bagosora, a retired army colonel, held the position of defence minister at the time of Habyarimana’s assassination. Agathe Habyarimana, the wife of the former president, Bagosora acted quickly in not only organising the genocide but rallying government support. These leaders exploited the highly-centralized nature of the Rwandan state, The genocide happened not because the state was weak, but on the contrary because it was so totalitarian and strong that it had the capacity to make its subjects obey absolutely any order, including one of mass slaughter. (Prunier1995:353-54.). Reyntjens (1996:244-5) believed the ‘Rwandan peoples tendency for obedient compliance, aided in facilitating the ruthless efficiency of the 1994 genocide’. There can exist no simple explanation to the genocide, a numbers of caus es may have aided in contribution, such as; colonial ideology of racial division (identity cards, preferential status to Tutsi then change of allegiance); political and economic struggles prior 1994; the nature of their organised society; and finally the fragile regional and class base of a political fraction determined to retain state power at any cost, which perhaps resulted in the mass killings To conclude I believe I have provided an extensive background to the genocide in Rwanda, which is crucial when aiming to understand to reasons behind the genocide leaving approximately one million dead. Furthermore I have provided an overview of surrounding factors that contributed to the violence and a detailed account of the genocide. References: Melvern ,Linda, (2004), Conspiracy To Murder The Rwandan Genocide, Verso African Rights. (1995). Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance. Revised edition. London Hintjens, Helen M, (1999), Explaining The 1994 Genocide In Rwanda, The Journal Of Modern African Studies, Cambridge University Press, [Online] Available at   jstor.org/stable/161847?Search=yessearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi301388%26Query%3D258%26wc%3Don Accessed: 30-4-2011 Martin, Brian, (2009), Managing Outrage Over Genocide: Case Study Rwanda,   [Online] Available at: bmartin.cc/pubs/09gcps.html#_ftn2 Accessed : 24-4-2011 Rwanda: How The Genocide Happened, [Online] Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1288230.stm Accessed on: 30-4-2011 Webster, Colin, (2007), Understanding Race and Crime, Open University Press,   [Online] Available at:  Ã‚   dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780335230396 Accessed on: 18-5-2011 Institute for the study of Genocide, [Online] Available at instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/definitions/def_genocide.html Accessed on 18-5-2011 Accessed on 18-52011 Fein, Helen, 1992, Accounting for genocide after 1945: Theories and Some Findings International journal on group rights 1, no.2:79-106, Kluwer academic publishers Gourevitch, Philip, 1998, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, [Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998], p. 3.), St. Martins Press

Peer review 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review 2 - Essay Example Besides being an important ethical move, it makes the research paper more credible. In addition, the paper emphasizes the importance of having a purpose when conducting research. A purpose determines the approach that will be followed during the research process (Creswell, 2005). In addition, the article highlights the most important elements of a good research paper. For instance, it has demonstrated the importance of providing the steps that were followed during the research process. The practice enables other researchers to replicate the research process in order to establish if it is correct. Furthermore, the researcher should rely on credible sources of information (Cooper& Schindler, 2014). The importance of using reliable sources involves the need to maintain the integrity of the research and to produce information that can be used by policy makers. However, the paper has other significant weaknesses. For instance, the post has failed to indicate that researchers should urge their peers to undertake further research in order to provide more information about the topic. Financial and time constraints limit the scope of the research. Besides indicating the limitations involved in the research process, a good research paper should highlight an area that needs further research. Furthermore, the post has failed to acknowledge the ethical challenges that researchers face. Researchers encounter many moral and ethical dilemmas in the course of their work (Bhatta, 2013). The post should have appreciated the difficulties involved in applying ethical principles in a research setting. The move would encourage students to overcome the challenges. In order to produce honest work, the researcher may have to overcome stakeholders with stakes. The post has failed to indicate the importance of demonstrating the research methodologies. The researcher should indicate the methods used to analyze the data. Different data analysis methods

MySpace is not a Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MySpace is not a Controversy - Essay Example This paper summarizes and analysis an article on My Space controversy by Bill Hewitt and highlight the points and reasons of disagreement. MySpace is an online recreational area for kids and at the same time it draws the attention of perverts and creeps (Hewitt).I disagree with the way Hewitt positions this article to prove MySpace as a controversy right from its title and description. Primarily aimed at building a community of young people looking for new friends, sharing music and their experiences, the website attracts and teenagers on a large scale. These attractions make it one of the biggest web players with 20 percent of young visitors between the ages of 14-17(Hewitt). With such level of popularity and its widespread use among young adults and kids throughout the world, criminal use of such a convenient source right from their bedrooms is not unlikely. The fact is disturbing; however, it does not make â€Å"MySpace Nation† as Hewitt calls MySpace users, a controversy. I disagree with his term MySpace Nation at the first place, and secondly attributing them as a controversy. If we go by Hewitt understanding, we must attribute those schools and all their students as controversy whose students are found guilty of rape or violence. Criminal acts like murder and rape are also associated with the teens using MySpace that has become preferable location for cyber-bullies and pedophiles (Hewitt).I completely disagree with Hewitt when he attributes criminal acts like murder and rape with the use of MySpace. It is not more than an exaggerated accusation without supporting evidence. By doing so, Hewitt may also refer Harvard as a terrorist institution just because people who studied there were found involved in some terrorist activity. Hewitt does not clarify that how using MySpace is linked with 2 or 3 out of their million users being murderer or rapists. The picture Hewitt portrays injects a fear in the mind of readers and they immediately feel threatened by online safety of their kids using MySpace specifically. Hewitt describes parents’ experience who felt blown away by MySpace use as personal diaries. However, I completely disagree with the idea of comparing MySpace with personal diaries. The main idea of MySpace is networking with friends and keeping the sense of community alive. For the safety part, kids can always personalize their space and select their friends. Parents can keep check on their kids’ friends and activities online to some extent as well. However, the idea of restricting MySpace use or limiting the time of using internet to 15 minutes seems completely impractical. MySpace membership is restricted to users who are 14 or above, however, younger children with email address can easily access and get exposed to objectionable content instantly (Hewitt). Though the claim is true, but I disagree on the grounds of attributing it only with MySpace. The fact is that it is same with all socializing networks on internet. None of the network uses proper identification of its members, targeting MySpace specifically seems strange. Random incidents of crime and predators targeting kids seem very threatening. However, Hewitt does not inspire authorities to make changes in the model of social networking sites. Rather than attacking MySpace, Hewitt should have suggested some built-in features or some membership requirements that can stop underage membership or even

Obama Vs. Clinton Essay Example for Free

Obama Vs. Clinton Essay The Affordable Health Care Act is a very in-depth process. The changes to the health care system were attempted to be passed in prior years by Bill Clinton. However, it failed at this time and was implemented in the United States by the current president Barack Obama. The Congress diversity of Democrats vs. Republican’s was very similar in both Clintons and Obamas time in office. There were many steps that were taken in creating this policy, and some of those steps succeeded, and some of those steps failed. Any new process would be expected to have some issues to work through as it was created. The Affordable Health Care Act still has some issues to work on, but many steps succeeded and that is why it has been implemented during Obamas term. Health Care Reform was in some ways similar in both Obama and Clinton’s proposals, but greatly different as well. Clinton’s main focus in the policy was to make health care mandatory for all Americans and have universal coverage. Employers would pay 80 percent of the cost of health insurance premiums, with the employee covering the remaining costs (Khan, 2014). However, both policies have the same goal of providing health insurance to all people. Each policy creates the ways of completing this task differently. Clinton’s health care reform plan was very complex. It involved high levels of government involvement in the health care industry. A federal national health board would have overseen the health system, and would be tasked with regulating premiums and overseeing benefits (Khan, 2014). Health care alliances at the state level would conduct a similar task, and states would have had the authority to regulate plans and have the option to create a single-payer system (Khan, 2014). The policy would be more of a government takeover, than assisting Americans with health  insurance. This was something that was not found to be favorable by many stakeholders. Obama’s reform allows for people with private insurance to keep their insurance. He is creating a government insurance company to compete with the private insurance companies. However, Obama still faces struggles with Republicans being opposed to this idea as well. The concern of finances was also purposed similar in both policy creations. Both presidents plan on the bill not adding to the deficit of the country. Another similarity between the two plans was that insurances companies could no longer deny a client because of their previous medical conditions. This has been another successful step in the process. Health Care Reform was created very similar but still with great differences between each president. The Affordable Health Care Act was successful for Obama mostly because of the way he pushed the bill through congress. Obama used Clinton’s health care reform failures as lessons and a blueprint of what not to do. This made him about to learn from past failure and make changes along the way. Different steps were taken in creating both of the policies. As Clinton moved slowly on this policy, Obama pushed his through quickly (Oberlander, 2014). Moving quickly was a decision that helped the policy succeeding, whereas, moving slowly caused it to fail. However, both presidents did pitch their speech about the Affordable Health Care Act before a joint session of Congress. This was not a successful step for either president. Both Obama and Clinton did not have great support for the policy, and this caused great suffering. Obama allowed for alternative methods in this policy whereas Clinton did not. Although both presidents had a wonderful idea, the steps that they took in implementing the policy are what changed the success of it. Both policies have similar stakeholders. When discussing health care insurance the stakeholders do not often change because the policies were slightly different. Stakeholders consist of business, insurance companies, and the American Medical Association. Other stakeholders consist of the people of the United States of America. There was much skepticism about the policy plans that both presidents were rolling out by the people of America. It is important that the presidents did not only look at stakeholders of large companies, but the everyday people of the community and employees of the health care industry as stakeholders as well. There were also government stakeholders in both  policies. However, the government level of stakeholders was greater in Clinton’s policy because his consist of government takeover. Stakeholders are crucial to the success of any policy. The Affordable Health Care Act has so far been successfully implemented by Obama. However, like any other new policy there are some issues still to be worked on. Obama was a success on passing this policy because he used the mistakes of the past to make his policy succeed. Even though there were struggles and steps that failed in Obama’s plan as well, there were more that succeed. Clinton’s policy was more government based and had many failures. The stakeholders for both presidents’ policies were similar. The Affordable Health Care Act has been in progress by many presidents for many years. However, it has been Obama’s plan that has been the most successful. Reference Oberlander, J. (2014). Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed. Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/6/1112.full Khan, H. (2014). Throwback to 1993? Whats New About Democrats Health Care Plans. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/HealthCare/health-care-reform-president-obama-path-bill-clinton/story?id=8675596

Why Is Education So Important In Canada Education Essay

Why Is Education So Important In Canada Education Essay A large selection of Canadas universities and  colleges found in both urban and rural places in every region of the country. (Education System In Canada) Canadian universities are much known for the quality of the teaching. Degrees from Canada are actually equivalent to degrees from America or other commonwealth places. Many Canadian schools are largely funded publicly which means they are consistently high quality, no matter where the location is. In Nunavut there is also higher education, (Nunavut is the province in the north of Canada). In Nunavut higher education allows the residents of the Canadian Arctic territory to specialize in secondary institutes. Of course there will be some unique challenges which some students have to face wishing to perfect advanced training in Nunavut. The territory of Nunavut has approximately 32,000 people in it. But there has been a problem in Nunavut about language but now has been resolved. There are no universities in Nunavut.  Nunavut Arctic College  is the only institution of higher education. It offers a small number of degrees in conjunction with Dalhousie University (Wikipedia). The Canadian school system actually accepts Inuit languages due to cultural reasons. But the university in Nunavut is actually struggling quite hard to get the best quality education possible. One of the governor generals named Michelle Jean decided to build more Arctic universities. For Full-time student enrolments at some universities are from over 35,000 to less than 1,000. Also, most universities have a large number of part-time or continuing students who are being educated. They offer allot of courses and allot of degrees from undergraduate to doctorates, and can also offer certificates and professional degrees. Fees for universities differ, depending on the province, institution and program of the study. Private schools exist in every single province around the country, and private schools are very good for parents who seek an overseas education for their child. The most international schools are in Ontario and Alberta. Sasckachewan has enough international schools and Nunavut has quite a few. All international schools must be registered with the ministry of education In the province or territory. Some private schools even have religious faith and use particular moral teachings. Canada has two official languages which are English and French. A student can take their institutions in either English or French. Some universities will offer instructions in both languages. But you dont have to be fluent in English and French to attend schools in Canada. If English isnt your first language you will at least have to pass the English examination which is called the (TOEFL). The Canadian Skilled Worker immigration program was developed to encourage people with skills that would be useful to the country to move there. If you want to meet the qualifications, the program will serve only two purposes. First of the government wants to make sure that the program will become overwhelmed with immigrants who have a high skilled ability. Second, the government does not want you to move out of your country, only to find that there are limited amount of jobs left. You will need to have an extremely good score on your high school diploma to have this opportunity. (Why Your Education Is Important For Canada) If you also want to go as an immigrant you have to also pass something named a (Pass-Mark System). It is not very hard to achieve and potential immigrants should atleast get a score of 75 percent. But these days, most people got 64 percent and if an immigrant wants to go to Canada they should start thinking now how their going to pass. This is one of the factors assessed by the Canadian government in Education It was good to hear Saskatchewans Education Minister, Russ Marchuk, talking recently about the value of pre-kindergarten and other forms of early childhood development in generating better learners, and ultimately more successful citizens. (Better Education Integral To Canadas Economy) The ministry of education is the industry that ensures that the students of Ontario have a great quality of education and that Ontario has the best education, in terms of quality and teaching. The ministry of education can be in English or French and the Ministry of education has to: Make sure that all the schools and authorities are funded. Structuring provincial support for curriculums. Making sure that the teachers are well trained and ready for excellence. Making sure that a child has good health so they give children health cards. Search around to see that every child has got this health card. Managing child care programs, such as CMSMs. Investigating complaints regarding unlicensed child care providers. Making requirements such as student diplomas and certificates. In the governments vision, educators, students, parents, teachers, principals, schools, boards, child care providers, service system managers. First Nations and the wider community work together in a genuine partnership to ensure good outcomes for all children. (Ministry Of Education) There are a lot of Eskimos who are taught by their parents how to survive in the harsh weather and how to fish, how to hunt for animals such as seals. The Eskimos diet is mostly seals because most of the foods in the markets are very expensive. There is a school in The Eskimo region named Inkulit School. And the school is in the main city of Nunavut which is named Iqaluit. Iqaluit is the modern city of Nunavut. The second most modern city of Nunavut is Cambridge Bay and the city has a school where students have to attend. The ministry of education also has a place in Nunavut and the ministry of education makes sure that students of Nunavut have at least attended schools or programs. The Northwest Territories also has a lot of schools and in the Northwest Territories you have to attend schools, it is compulsory and if a student does not attend schools the parents will get a lawsuit by the ministry of education for not letting your child attend schools or programs. There are colleges named career colleges which will allow you to get prepared for a job in a short period of time, and instructions. The college will have a broad range of instructions and technical duties. There are a lot of Eskimos in these career colleges because it is not the type of colleges where you have to participate for at least 1 or 2 years, you can just attend the college for at least 9 months. Career colleges have a highly competitive fee structures. If an Eskimo can have a degree from college, it will be extremely good for the persons future. Dalhousie University is also a good university for the Eskimos because Dalhousie shares diplomas with Nunavut Arctic University. Dalhousie University is in Halifax, Nova Scotia. But Dalhousie University is a better choice for an Eskimo who is looking to attend a University. Nunavut Arctic University is also a good university, but there are a limited amount of diplomas in the university. In Dalhousie there are more courses, more programs and more diplomas available than Nunavut Arctic University. British Colombia has got 11 universities, 11 colleges, and 3 institutions. Approximately 433,000 people attended secondary institutions in 2006 to 2007 in the academic year. The number of students were 17,250 of them where From British Colombia and 10,500 where international students. In 2011 at least 151,774 applications took place in the British Colombian campus. But the problem was that in some schools, the grading system was harshly marked and most students didnt get the mark that they wanted or expected. That started causing cheating during 2008-2009. For Eskimos there is also a nursing program. The nursing program involves The University Of Regina. The nursing program is quite an intense course for male or females who want to learn how to become nurses or something else. The nursing program needs a lot of focus and concentration to become successful in the course. There is also a Nunavut teacher learning program which involves University Of Prince Edward Island, Master of education in leadership and learning program. And also the former Akitsiraq Law Program. But now unexpectedly it was disabled by the territorial government, even though it was very good, and acknowledged and successful. The government of Yukon was saying the Yukon University was hiring more and more teachers because more and more students were attending that particular University. In 2011 the students increased from 9,856 to 10,234. This affected some of the education in that college and made it harder to reach because theyre not use to many students in one class. There was also an art college that was sharing applications with Yukon University. There is also a man named Bartlett who was very pleased to attend SOVA. In the Northwest Territories there is a government community school where residences attend the school. The school focuses on carriers. Work cited list A large selection of Canadas universities and  colleges found in both urban and rural places in every region of the country 2012 (Education System In Canada) There are no universities in Nunavut.  Nunavut Arctic College  is the only institution of higher education. It offers a small number of degrees in conjunction with Dalhousie University 2012 (Wikipedia) You will need to have an extremely good score on your high school diploma to have this opportunity. (Why Your Education Is Important For Canada) 2003 It was good to hear Saskatchewans Education Minister, Russ Marchuk, talking recently about the value of pre-kindergarten and other forms of early childhood development in generating better learners, and ultimately more successful citizens. (Better Education Integral To Canadas Economy) 2012 First Nations and the wider community work together in a genuine partnership to ensure good outcomes for all children. (Ministry Of Education) 2012

Marketing and Singapore Airlines Essay

I. Introduction Singapore Airlines (SIA) has been ranked as one of the top leading airlines in the world. Singapore Airlines began with three flights per week, and today their route network’s span is 99 destinations in 39 countries worldwide. Singapore Airlines Limited split from Malaysian Airways in 1972 and is the national airline of Singapore operating on global major routes. As stated in its website, the company is geared towards â€Å"providing air transportation services of the highest quality and to maximizing returns for the benefit of its shareholders and employees.†. It has constantly outperformed compared to many other competitive airlines and reported superior annual returns on profits. As airline is known as a mistake-free industry, Singapore Airlines has been proven its outstanding performance through its excellence services as well as being a pioneer in business strategies. Hundreds of industry awards are received by Singapore Airlines for its service quality. This report will outline in detail the fundamental issues in marketing of Singapore Airlines such as marketplace and customer needs, highlight the significant issues regarding the organization’s competitive environment as well as suggest possible enhancements for the organization. II. Body 1. Customers’ needs, wants, demand, product and market identified for Singapore Airlines. i. Customers’ needs, wants and demand.  Amstrong and Kotler (2011) defined needs as states of felt deprivation. They explained human needs comprise basic physical needs as food, clothing, warmth and safety, as well as social needs for belonging, affection, fun and relaxation. There are also esteem needs for prestige, recognition and fame, and individual needs for knowledge and self-expression.. On the other hand, wants are another sort of human needs that are influenced by culture and individual personality. Western people like Americans or Europeans would want breads for their daily meals, while eastern people from China or Vietnam would prefer rice, though they all have the same need of food. People’s wants expand throughout times. In the previous days, they might just simply want a transporting way to reach a destination. Later days they wanted a fast and safe transport. Today they also want comfort and entertainment while they are transporting. Organizations should be able to see and foresee the undiminishing wants of its customers to develop their products and services. Nevertheless, human wants are boundless, but not resources. What a person wants and what he can afford are two different matters. As described by Amstrong and Kotler, wants that are backed with buying power are called demand. For example, everyone wants to fly with a business or first class, but not all are willing to pay for those exclusive prices, thus some of the demand will go for the economy class instead. Singapore Airlines has identified there is a need of travelling, relaxation and prestige from its customers, as well as wants and demand for the aviation service and facilities. As so, Singapore Airlines offers best services in order to satisfy its customers accordingly . ii. Singapore Airlines’ products and market. Singapore Airlines mostly targets at businessmen and wealthy folds who are willing to pay a premium flight fares for a guarantee high quality service. The product line of Singapore Airlines is divided into three classes of travel: First, Raffles (Business) and Economy. First class accounted for 5% of passengers, Raffles class for 10% and economy class for 85%. The expectations of these particular customers were constantly rising and their  needs and wants keep on changing over years. Other than that, Singapore Airlines also offer many in-flight facilities and entertainment, such as free headsets, choice of meals, satellite-based inflight telephones, inflight meals from the International Culinary Panel, offer audio and video on demand capabilities on KrisWorld in all classes. They also have different luxurious lounges for different class of passengers. 2. Singapore Airlines’ market orientation. i. Market orientation According to Kohli and Jaworski (1990), the marketing concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. Marketing management’s objective is to build profitable relationship with the target customers by designing strategies which following a certain business philosophy that the organization has chosen. There are five of them, including production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept and societal marketing concepts. The newest business philosophy that has commonly been adopted by most of the large organizations nowadays, including Singapore Airlines, is the societal marketing concept. Kotler, et al. (2010:19) state that, â€Å"the societal marketing concept holds that the organization should determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that maintains or improves t he consumer’s and society’s well-being†. In brief, this concept is all about balancing three aspects of an organization’s marketing approach: company’s profitability, customer satisfaction and society’s welfare. Bhasin H. (2010) stated that the marketing concept alone sidesteps the potential conflicts among consumer wants, consumer interests, and long-run societal welfare, yet some firms and industries are criticized for satisfying consumer wants at society’s expense. This has been a reason for the societal marketing concept to be formed, which could be seen as an enlargement of the marketing concept itself. Singapore Airlines’ official website publishes that, â€Å"Singapore Airlines firmly believes that supporting programmes that benefit the communities we serve throughout the world is an essential part of being a good corporate citizen†. Singapore Airlines has been contributing to the  community in arts, sports, community welfare, and education. It supports a wide range of local and overseas community groups and charity organizations. Some of the highlighted are providing air travel for Australian social workers to Dhaka in Bangladesh for a project to prevent hearing loss in textile workers, rebated air tickets to the newly established Singapore Sports School to nurture emerging sporting talents, helping to fly the nation’s flag high in the sporting arena as the Official Airline for the inaugural Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore, etc. By practicing this societal marketing concept, Singapore Airlines has shown their customers that profitability is not their number one and only concern, but also to be a responsible and contributive corporate citizen. By doing so, Singapore Airlines has gained respectable reputation and favor from the customers, and boosted to a notable sales and profits. ii. Product life cycle Singapore Airlines’ product set is in a mature life cycle. The airline has done an outstanding job of differentiating itself through customer service available through any of its commercial aviation products. In this stage of the product life, Singapore Airlines must reinvent itself every few years to remain competitive in the industry and to prolong the stage period not to reach the decline stage. Singapore Airlines is constantly examining other service industries to see how they respond to customer needs and then adjusts its products accordingly. Through this strategy, Singapore Airlines generally leads the industry in innovative customer service products and initiatives. As airline is a service industry, its products are intangible, yet Singapore Airline’s commitment to its service strategy is visible in every aspect of its operations. 3. Major competitive issues facing Singapore Airlines i. Singapore Airlines’ competitive advantages Ever since the separation from Malaysian Airways, Singapore Airlines has no domestic routes to serve, hence the company has been forced to rely on the international flights and compete with other major airlines. There are three core aspects that Singapore Airlines has gained competitive advantages over other players within the industry. These comprise of the excellent service, the continuity innovation, and the technology superiority. Firstly, as  explained by Roll (2004), the airlines have begun its branding strategy on it in-flight service. The company engaged French haute-couture designer Pierre Balmain in 1972 to design a special version of the Malay Sarong Kebaya as the airline stewardess uniform and then is branded as â€Å"Singapore Girls† for providing excellent in-flight hospitality. This later becomes one of the most recognized signatures of the airline, and is one of the critical reasons why Singapore Airlines always ranked at top for the customer satisfaction sur vey about in-flight service observed by various sources such as independent institutions or online social networking sites. The second aspect that supports the Singapore Airlines’ success is their effort to always be innovative – particularly about the in-flight services. Additionally justified by Roll, Singapore Airlines has pioneered many in-flight experiential and entertainment innovations, and strived to be best in class. It was the first to introduce hot meals, free alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, hot towels with a unique and patented scent, personal entertainment systems, and video-on-demand in all cabins. The company keeps driving innovation as an important part of the brand, and the cabin ambience and combined experience are key factors of its success. Lastly, on the technology side, Roll also evaluated that Singapore Airlines still maintains the youngest fleet of aircraft among all major air carriers, and keeps to the stringent policy of replacing older aircrafts for newer, better models. It has always been first in line to take delivery of new aircraft types like Boeing 747 jumbo jets, Boeing 777, and it will become the first airline to fly the Airbus super jumbo A-380 in 2006. Even the aircrafts are sub-branded like 747-Megatop and 777-Jubilee to further distinguish SIA and its brand from competitors. Singapore Airlines also flew Concorde between Singapore and London in the late seventies in collaboration with British Airways (BA). The aircraft was painted with SIA’s colors and logos on one side, and BA’s on the other, and it carried crew from both airlines. ii. Porter’s five forces analysis of Singapore Airlines a) Suppliers power Suppliers’ power is consistently high in airlines industry. This hence will have a great impact in the company’s product and service costs, prices and profitability. However, Singapore Airlines is financially strong and has its own ground service such as baggage handling and in-flight food and beverages supply. Aircraft maintenance and servicing is also carried out by SIA Engineers. Thus the main supply for Singapore Airline is basically the aircraft manufacturers. Since the firm has been known as an airline with youngest aircraft usage, Singapore Airlines has been a significant customers and has bargaining power over the suppliers. b) Buyers power The buyer bargaining power is indeed high for Singapore Airlines. Singapore Airlines’ targets mostly on businessmen and people who are affordable for premiums flight fares. These types of passengers are not too sensitive to prices, but concentrating more on the flight time that is flexible for them, and also the comfortability of the provided service. However, regardless of which type of passengers, all of them might just switch to other airlines without hesitation if time and service match their demand better. Since customers are willing to pay for their enjoyment and flexibility, Singapore Airlines’ target market has a strong level of buying power. c) Substitutions Singapore Airlines generally has medium to low threat on substitution of its services. As mentioned above, Singapore Airlines’ target passengers are not cost-conscious travelers, they can afford high fares in return for their comfort and time efficiency. Hence with excellence both in ground and in-flight service quality and updated high-tech facilities, Singapore Airlines easily retain customers’ loyalty. Other substitute transport mode would not be a big threat especially for long flights or long distance travel. d) Competitive rivalry The level of rivalry is medium for Singapore Airlines. Although there are not many airlines can compete against SIA, these airlines in the entire industry share the very similar market. Most of the carriers are using differentiated strategy that focus on both booking and in-flight services. SIA with outstanding and uniqueness service offerings has helped the firm to have  lesser pressure on competition. However, Singapore Airlines has to continue on innovation and maintain and improve service quality if they do not wish to lose out. e) New entries Threat of new entrance is consider low in airline industry, since the capital investment for the industry is massive. According to Calingo (1997) it would require a lot of logistic works, highly skilled personal such as pilots, aircraft technicians and specialize managerial personnel which are often limited in resources in the industry. Limited access to airport and route are also another difficulty post to new entrant. 4. Segmenting, targeting and positioning of Singapore Airlines. i. Segmenting According to Kotler et al. (2010:199), marketing segmentation is defined as dividing a market into distinct groups who might require separate products and/or marketing mixes. The objective is to help determine marketing strategies and realistic marketing objectives by understanding customer trends and buyer behaviors. Singapore Airlines segments its market based on geographic, demographics, psychographic and behavioral. For geographic segmentation, Singapore Airlines customers are located globally with varying wants and needs thus the firm attempts to exploit this by providing airline services to major cities or routes. Evidence given is Singapore Airlines operates flights to over 90 destinations in more than 39 countries over 5 continents. Its strong presence is however still the Southeast Asia region. Demographic segment works on the basis of customer factual characteristics such as age, gender, family lifecycle, social-culture, occupation, education and income that can influence purchasing decisions. Singapore Airlines, for example, demographically segment their customers from their choice of the service class. Suite class and First class passengers are dominantly traveling on business purpose and mostly are male between 25 to 45 years old. Passengers in business class are split evenly between traveling for business and leisure. Mostly are male with average age 32. Economy class passengers are a much broader group, traveling mainly for leisure and evenly spread across most socio-economic groups and age ranges. Another approach to  segmentation is psychographic, which is an attempt to capture what is driving the customer’s behavior, such as values, personalities, attitudes, opinion, interest and lifestyle aspirations. For instance, Singapore Airlines provides variations of cabin classes (First, Business and Economy) to meet the product demand of people. Singapore Airlines employs tier membership to provide status preferences to customers. The last segment approach is behavioral which is based on observable issues on consumer behavior when purchasing the products. Characteristics include frequency of consumption, buyer readiness and commitment. The corporate market tends to be a frequent flyer that could gain benefits from Singapore Airline’s Frequent Flyer program, in return for customers’ loyalty to the airlines. Some people are â€Å"brand loyal†, they tend to stick with their preferred or familiar brands even when a competing one is on sale. ii. Targeting Market targeting, explained by Kotler et al. (2010:199), is the process of evaluating each segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more of the market segments. Singapore Airlines uses differentiated market targeting, which refers to where firm target several segments and develops distinct products/services with separate marketing mix strategies aimed at various group approach, where they target in accordance to consumers’ needs and to their occupation. Singapore Airlines has two target markets. The first aimed at people who mostly have a high income with a high class lifestyle and prefer to seek comfort with excellent services rather than to get a cheaper price but do not get the as good facilities and services. The other target market is customary passengers who mostly just want to travel and not too demanding about the services and the facilities. For this market, Singapore Airlines owns a budget airline as well to compete, which is Tiger Airways, to meet the market needs. iii. Positioning Kotler et al also described market positioning is developing competitive positioning for the product and an appropriate marketing mix. Added by them, a product’s position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes – the place the product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competing product. In this specific circumstance, is how the  passengers perceive Singapore Airlines’ service compared to other major carriers, such as British Airways or Cathay Pacific. There are many different general strategies for positioning products. Attribute or benefit, quality and price, use or application, competition, high-tech and high-touch can achieve desired positioning. Market positioning is about how Singaspore Airlines wants its customers to perceive their products and services in relation to their competitors. Singapore Airlines positioning strategy is using Singapore Girl as a central ingredient in marketing its image. Personified through the girls, customers will have a sensory and emotional experience when travelling with Singapore Airlines, with its commitment to service and quality excellence. Since the traditional marketing communication has often been focus on cabin design, food, comfort and pricing, this strategy of Singapore Girl has successfully gain a positive market positioning in the customers’ heart. III. Conclusion There are concrete substantiations why Singapore Airlines has grown from a regional airline into one of the world’s top leading carriers. This paper has analyzed some of the vital marketing issues concerning the strategic way that Singapore Airlines operates to reach their upward achievement nowadays. They have always been setting their customers’ needs and wants as the first priority in order to understand and provide excellent quality service to match the growing demand of the passengers. Only with the clear comprehending and effective implementation of the organization’s selected societal marketing concept, precise identification of the competitive concerns as well as the market segmenting, targeting and positioning, Singapore Airlines has been able to successfully differentiate its brand image and endorsed its prestige status to the whole world. IV. Recommendations Performing the SWOT analysis would help Singapore Airlines to identify the key issues for enhancements in its operational strategies. Singapore Airlines needs to keep its superiority and stay on the top of the competition in the international market, by understanding the plans that being pursued by other major players such as British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Virgin Atlantic, etc. Singapore Airlines should continue to  differentiate itself and keep on provide up scaling service quality to the customers. It is recommended for Singapore Airlines to regularly renovate its facilities as well as install new technological features. Improvement and installation of in-flight entertainment system such as latest technology electronics and DVDs, access provision to the CD music and interconnected network games with the passengers inside of the aircraft, ability to send and receive email and internet surfing on selected content, Satellite telephones can be some of the suggestions. Nevertheless, Singapore Airlines should carry on contributing more in its social responsibilities to the community well-being to remain an ethical and trust worthy corporate citizen. V. References and Bibliography Ayob, A.M (n.d.). Singapore Airlines Limited: Building a culture of service excellence. Retrieved August 5th, 2012, from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:aDhMN-GX8s8J:mahdzan.com/papers/sia/SINGAPORE_AIRLINES.pdf+singapore+airlines+marketing+strategy&hl=en&gl=sg&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjah_jaSacO-NJn77hv6rhqruT9KQnCLqiKJD4opuCV-hAT_rzvAM8eS_FMZqlhy2rmS8CRLxxhV7Jf8_p0XU-2ZaGHuzUF5I4yAOHzIGGbgCYMLq0C7pngKnOuKjFTWRAiMHID&sig=AHIEtbRwCtZUzXuAJ5G-SBBjU3CSURqkBQ Bhasin, H. (2010). Socetal Marketing Concept. Retrieved August 5th, 2012, from http://www.marketing91.com/societal-marketing-concept/ Calingo, L.M.R. (1997). Strategic management in the Asian context. Singapore Airlines: Comparative case studies of the British and Singaporean national airlines. Based on research by Douglas Sikorski. John Wiley & Sons Heracleous, L. & Wirtz, J. (2009) ‘Strategy and organization at Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through dual strategy’: Journal of Air Transport Management. Kotler, P. & Amstrong, G. (2011). Marketing an Introduction. (10th ed). Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T & Makens, J.C. (2010). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. (5th ed). Market Orientation. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 4th, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_orientation Roll, M. (2004). Singapore Airlines flying tiger. From Brandchannel. Retrieved August 6th, 2012, from http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=209 Roll, Martin. Undated. Singapore Airlines – An Excellent Asian Brand. Venture Republic Retrieved August 4th, 2012, from http://www.venturerepublic.com/resources/singapore_airlines_-_an_excellent_asian_brand.asp The critical success of Singapore Airlines. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5th, 2012, from http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/the-critical-success-of-singapore-airlines.html#_Toc212902244

Definition of Poetry

What is Poetry? According to W. H. Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry given by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the imagination and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the antithesis of science, having for its immediate object pleasure, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the rhythmic creation of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The suggestion by the imagination, of noble grounds for the noble emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: â€Å"It is simply the most delightful and per fect form of utterance that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth† * â€Å"It is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty† As Hudson state when we look at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are almost distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetical in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too narrow and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

Free Essays on Orthodox Vs. Herterodox

Orthodox vs. Heterodox Buddhism derived from the preaching’s of Siddhartha Gautama â€Å" the Buddha†, who is said to have reached the state of enlightenment at the young age of thirty-five. Siddhartha Gautama spent most of his life teaching his beliefs that focused mainly on his goal to rid himself and others from suffering in an attempt to ultimately attain inner peace. â€Å"The Buddha’s teachings are like the Buddha himself-practical. Surrounded in India of his day by every kind of speculation about the afterlife, the nature of the divine, and other difficult questions, the Buddha concentrated on what was useful† (Molloy 111). Among his ideals was the belief in the eightfold path and the four noble truths as methods to reach the ultimate state of enlightenment. Meanwhile, he gained many followers and began an order of monks. A few months after his death, five hundred of his most devout disciples made up the first Buddhist council, led by the eldest monk Maha Kassapa. Their l ack of agreement on any changes to be made to their new system of belief helped Maha Kassapa decide that none of the original teachings of the Buddha should be altered in any way. About one hundred years later a second council was held and some minor changes were made to the religion. The disagreement of Buddhist with some of the original Buddhist teachings resulted in many braches being formed but only three remain prevalent today; Therevada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Therevada took on the conservative approach â€Å"hoping to protect the Buddha’s rather stark teachings and simple practice from being altered† (Molloy 122). When Therevada was first developed there was no such term as Mahayana, but later it appeared in the Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law. About a century later, the term Mahayana became clearly defined and referred to as â€Å" the big vehicle† that included a more hopeful approach in attaining enlightenment for the laypeople. Although Th... Free Essays on Orthodox Vs. Herterodox Free Essays on Orthodox Vs. Herterodox Orthodox vs. Heterodox Buddhism derived from the preaching’s of Siddhartha Gautama â€Å" the Buddha†, who is said to have reached the state of enlightenment at the young age of thirty-five. Siddhartha Gautama spent most of his life teaching his beliefs that focused mainly on his goal to rid himself and others from suffering in an attempt to ultimately attain inner peace. â€Å"The Buddha’s teachings are like the Buddha himself-practical. Surrounded in India of his day by every kind of speculation about the afterlife, the nature of the divine, and other difficult questions, the Buddha concentrated on what was useful† (Molloy 111). Among his ideals was the belief in the eightfold path and the four noble truths as methods to reach the ultimate state of enlightenment. Meanwhile, he gained many followers and began an order of monks. A few months after his death, five hundred of his most devout disciples made up the first Buddhist council, led by the eldest monk Maha Kassapa. Their l ack of agreement on any changes to be made to their new system of belief helped Maha Kassapa decide that none of the original teachings of the Buddha should be altered in any way. About one hundred years later a second council was held and some minor changes were made to the religion. The disagreement of Buddhist with some of the original Buddhist teachings resulted in many braches being formed but only three remain prevalent today; Therevada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Therevada took on the conservative approach â€Å"hoping to protect the Buddha’s rather stark teachings and simple practice from being altered† (Molloy 122). When Therevada was first developed there was no such term as Mahayana, but later it appeared in the Sutra of the Lotus of the Good Law. About a century later, the term Mahayana became clearly defined and referred to as â€Å" the big vehicle† that included a more hopeful approach in attaining enlightenment for the laypeople. Although Th...

Dealing with a Grad School Rejection

Dealing with a Grad School Rejection You followed all the directions for applying to graduate school. You prepared for the GRE  and  obtained excellent recommendations  and still received a rejection letter from the graduate program of your dreams. What gives? Its difficult to learn that youre not among a grad program’s top choices, but more applicants are rejected than accepted to grad school. From a statistical standpoint, you have lots of company; competitive doctoral programs can receive 10 to 50 times as many graduate applicants than they can take. That probably doesnt make you feel any better, though. It may be particularly difficult if you were invited for an interview for graduate school; however, as many as 75 percent of applicants invited for interviews dont get into grad school. Why Was I Rejected? The simple answer is because there aren’t enough slots. Most graduate programs receive far more applications from qualified candidates than they can accept. Why were you eliminated  by a particular program? There is no way to tell for sure, but in many cases, applicants are rejected because they demonstrated poor fit. In other words, their interests and career aspirations didnt fit the program. For example, an applicant to a research-oriented clinical psychology program  who didn’t read the program materials carefully might be rejected for indicating an interest in practicing therapy. Alternatively, its simply a numbers game. In other words, a program may have 10 slots but 40 well-qualified applicants. In this case, decisions are often arbitrary and based on factors and whims that you cant predict. In these cases, it may simply be the luck of the draw. Seek Support You might find it difficult to inform family, friends, and professors of the bad news, but it is essential that you seek social support. Allow yourself to feel upset and acknowledge your feelings, then move forward. If you are rejected to every program to which you apply, reassess your goals, but don’t necessarily give up. Be Honest with Yourself Ask yourself some hard questions - and try your best to answer them honestly: Did you select schools carefully, paying attention to fit?Did you apply to enough programs?Did you complete all parts of each application?Did you spend enough time on your essays?Did you tailor your essays to each program?Did you have research experience?Did you have a field or applied experience?Did you know your referees well and did they have something to write about?Were most of your applications to highly competitive programs? Your answers to these questions may help you determine whether to reapply  next year, apply to a master’s program instead, or choose another career path. If you are firmly committed to attending graduate school, consider reapplying next year. Use the next few months to improve your academic record, seek research experience, and get to know professors. Apply to a wider range of schools (including safety schools), select programs more carefully, and thoroughly research each program.

A marketing strategy to promote Starbucks Case Study

A marketing strategy to promote Starbucks - Case Study Example (Wash, 2006) Perhaps Starbucks can set up small forums with presentations that could revolve around the idea of Starbucks adhering to cleanliness, hygiene, high quality, special discount offers and discussing the advantages of coffee over tea. Starbucks should also point out the benefits of having their coffee as compared to the other coffee makers, i.e. their competitors. As they say, "seeing is believing"; the discussion could therefore be more visual rather than textual displaying images of how Starbucks prepares its products as well as demonstrating coffee as the more healthier beverage than other beverages like sodas, sugar drinks, tea, etc. This should signify that Starbucks cares for its customers so that healthy beverages of high quality are delivered to them. Billboards or banners are other ways of capturing the population. Eye catchy displays and slogans relating to the differentiated taste of Starbucks that would evoke the mouth-watering sensation in people should be given much emphasis on. Answer 6) A marketing strategy to promote Starbucks can be that of having free trials of different products in smaller cities. There maybe a number of barriers faced. First, because tea has been a part of the Chinese culture and heritage for a long period, there might be some resistance to switching to coffee. Secondly, people may be reluctant to try out a new product. Thirdly, the issue of coffee being more expensive may crop up. However, the unique taste of Starbucks once known to people will most definitely never be forgotten. The idea is to introduce the masses to their variety of products that Starbucks sells. This way their strategy would be successful. Answer 7) India is one of the fastest growing third world countries. Taking a look into its demographics, one could tell that incomes in the middle class have risen greatly during this period (Kaur & Tayal, 2007). Coffee being a more expensive beverage, this increase in income has led to an increase in

Cooperative Learning and Social Emotional Learning Research Paper

Cooperative Learning and Social Emotional Learning - Research Paper Example He discovered that two aspects in particular the student and student communication and interaction, and also the student and faculty communication and interaction, conveyed the largest influences and subsequently affected the largest majority of typical education results. His work endorsed earlier verdicts from Tinto’s (1989) imperative study on student retention that common and remunerating informal acquaintance with faculty associates is the sole sturdiest predictor of whether a student willingly withdraws from a school. Other analyses also encourage these results. Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) established that peer support is a significant aspect in student attentiveness in school. In the prologue to the Harvard Assessment Seminars: Second Report, Light (1990; 1992) concludes that all the research findings illustrate and point to one main idea which is that the students that get the most of school the happiest and who grow more academically organize their time well includ ing interpersonal activities with fellow students or with faculty members and build substantive academic work. Therefore, the value of amplified communication amidst students and amid students and faculty members ought to be evident. It is evident that technology if used wisely, can magnify the chances for eloquent discussion. Slavin, R. E., Stevens, R. J., & Madden, N. A. (1988). Accommodating Student Diversity in Reading and Writing Instruction A Cooperative Learning Approach.  Remedial and Special Education,  9(1), 60-66. Each student has his/her own learning bravura, individual learning and development speed or linguistic background knowledge. Therefore, the majority of student’s classes involve students with different learning capabilities. In this class settings of institutions such as state funded schools, beginners’ classes are directed towards students who have no previous